Benchmark Results

Redis + Hybrid Benchmark Comparison

Detailed Redis and hybrid benchmark tables with short takeaways up front.

What this page shows

This page keeps the detailed Redis and hybrid tables. The main conclusions are:

pure Redis-backed limiting is far slower than local-only paths because every call pays network and Redis execution cost
hybrid is dramatically faster because it keeps most admission work local
runtime choice can move the numbers, but provider choice moves them much more

Use this page when you want the raw tables behind those takeaways.

Result tables

Backends compared:

trypema Redis provider (Lua sliding-window)
trypema Hybrid provider (local fast-path + periodic Redis sync)
redis-cell module (CL.THROTTLE)
GCRA Lua script (equivalent to go-redis/redis_rate allowN)

Caveat: semantics differ, so these are backend-cost comparisons, not strict behavioral equivalence.

Hybrid note: the Hybrid provider uses a local fast-path and periodically syncs to Redis, so it is not a pure "Redis round-trip per op" backend. It is included here because it still depends on Redis and is a common deployment choice when you want higher throughput with bounded state lag.

In these results, Hybrid runs use sync_interval_ms = 10ms.

Module-based approaches (like redis-cell) tend to be faster because the logic runs as native Redis module code with less Lua interpreter overhead and fewer internal steps than multi-op Lua scripts.

Hot key (rate_limit_per_s=1000)

Workload: --key-dist hot — always uses a single key (user_0).

tokio runtime

Backend	ops/s	p50 (us)	p95 (us)	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	64,369	243	323	367	490	814	30,016	1,901,152	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	52,211	303	391	438	610	816	30,015	1,536,405	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	47,620	332	433	502	703	1,160	30,603	1,398,032	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	41,032	386	521	599	906	1,122	33,115	0	1,306	1,196,617
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	11,360,280	1	1	1	1	45	30,000	340,794,220	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	10,568,476	1	1	1	1	1,214,463	29,984	0	5,007	317,034,410

smol runtime

Backend	ops/s	p50 (us)	p95 (us)	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	83,223	187	227	254	357	556	30,016	2,466,720	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	53,248	312	358	400	487	711	30,015	1,567,457	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	43,490	373	425	472	1,320	1,328	30,000	1,274,729	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	39,975	392	512	563	735	910	33,181	0	2,734	1,163,363
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	10,995,323	1	1	1	1	3,211	30,000	329,834,016	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	10,629,543	1	1	1	1	1,524,735	64,987	0	5,004	318,828,204

Uniform keys (100k keys, rate_limit_per_s=1e9)

Workload: --key-dist uniform --key-space 100000 — random key per op, effectively unlimited rate.

tokio runtime

Backend	ops/s	p50 (us)	p95 (us)	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	58,228	259	339	395	3,791	15,135	1,750,382
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	52,251	302	389	435	614	1,365	1,570,837
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	39,578	396	541	627	963	2,309	1,190,045
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	33,608	448	661	768	3,233	10,535	1,010,251
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	8,628,833	1	1	1	19	27,167	259,464,943
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	9,216,202	1	1	1	13	22,719	277,038,640

smol runtime

Backend	ops/s	p50 (us)	p95 (us)	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	72,646	210	253	283	2,959	4,487	2,184,064
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	52,320	302	361	416	770	16,975	1,572,718
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	38,353	402	535	582	745	2,309	1,152,833
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	31,704	484	633	739	3,189	10,335	953,165
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	4,044,466	1	1	1	9	16,087	121,575,135
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	2,817,062	1	1	1	425	26,623	84,679,989

Notes:

redis-cell and gcra show higher ops/s under smol for both workloads. For pure Redis round-trip backends, smol's cooperative executor reduces context-switch overhead, particularly under hot-key contention.
Trypema's Redis provider throughput is broadly comparable across runtimes (~5–10% variance).
Hybrid ops/s in the uniform case is substantially lower under smol (~4M vs ~9M for absolute). Hybrid's local fast-path relies on many concurrent atomics; tokio's work-stealing scheduler distributes these more evenly, while smol's cooperative executor serialises more of that work.
For pure Redis round-trip backends, runtime choice has a modest effect relative to the order-of-magnitude gap between Redis round-trip and Hybrid local fast-path.

Redis + Hybrid uniform keys (matrix)

These runs come from make stress-redis-uniform-matrix-tokio and make stress-redis-uniform-matrix-smol (stress harness) and vary key_space and rate_limit_per_s while keeping the rest fixed:

--threads 16 --duration-s 30 --window-s 10 --group-ms 10 --mode max --key-dist uniform

Hybrid note: Hybrid runs use sync_interval_ms = 10ms.

The harness prints results in run groups of six (two Redis module/script backends + Redis provider + Hybrid provider). To keep it readable, the matrix is split by (key_space, rate_limit_per_s).

key_space=10, rate_limit_per_s=1

tokio runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	55,822	450	740	1,285	1,674,751	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	50,614	447	605	1,119	1,518,500	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	46,008	505	710	923	300	1,380,002	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	38,184	668	931	4,619	1,196	0	40	1,144,292
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	10,658,472	1	1	9,961,471	300	319,770,837	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	7,860,245	1	2	99,327	396	0	76	235,818,537

smol runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	79,299	271	468	745	2,378,992	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	49,496	432	898	1,447	1,484,922	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	51,730	412	510	889	300	1,551,628	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	41,892	572	759	1,059	1,141	0	40	1,255,584
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	11,025,754	1	1	9,551	300	330,777,133	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	9,716,526	1	1	196,607	512	0	111	291,508,192

key_space=10, rate_limit_per_s=10

tokio runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	61,310	383	539	854	1,839,392	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	49,610	459	680	1,710	1,488,385	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	45,067	523	748	1,031	3,002	1,349,077	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	38,977	640	1,005	1,257	5,553	0	490	1,163,325
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	8,285,258	1	1	9,953,279	3,000	248,567,517	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	7,994,442	1	2	99,135	3,572	0	523	239,841,065

smol runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	77,325	269	508	535	2,319,792	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	48,285	422	634	654	1,448,564	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	46,370	470	587	648	3,000	1,388,120	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	40,937	575	1,024	1,093	5,689	0	490	1,221,966
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	11,024,339	1	1	8,783	3,000	330,731,808	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	9,699,245	1	1	192,127	4,619	0	568	290,981,034

key_space=10, rate_limit_per_s=100

tokio runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	61,369	383	503	898	1,841,170	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	49,433	458	631	2,571	1,483,072	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	44,462	528	713	1,125	30,013	1,303,928	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	37,995	687	1,314	5,543	33,956	0	2,164	1,103,744
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	9,134,903	1	1	10,807	31,467	274,029,615	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	8,697,216	1	1	99,135	34,532	0	5,042	260,889,866

smol runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	70,877	291	371	651	2,126,352	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	48,257	428	581	1,198	1,447,738	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	46,065	470	1,676	3,993	30,000	1,351,970	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	41,831	594	742	840	33,057	0	2,091	1,219,801
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	11,001,527	1	1	10,047	30,000	330,021,664	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	9,589,111	1	1	192,639	42,210	0	5,600	287,629,059

key_space=10, rate_limit_per_s=10,000

tokio runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	61,762	382	477	675	1,852,947	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	49,548	461	686	1,428	1,486,516	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	42,977	568	821	1,768	1,289,375	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	38,816	656	978	1,861	1,164,556	0	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	8,684,796	1	5	13,567	2,443,095	258,115,621	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	7,115,638	1	3	99,711	3,226,990	0	54,298	210,198,331

smol runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	70,534	298	411	864	2,116,062	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	48,466	442	1,401	1,402	1,454,010	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	42,661	557	1,205	1,371	1,279,846	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	42,316	572	1,014	1,272	1,269,517	0	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	11,063,173	1	1	9,247	3,000,000	328,900,198	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	9,741,507	1	1	195,711	4,430,158	0	5,105	287,813,918

key_space=10, rate_limit_per_s=100,000

tokio runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	61,210	378	473	1,023	1,836,389	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	49,664	461	731	1,428	1,489,994	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	42,274	576	715	1,198	1,268,302	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	38,553	649	883	2,069	1,156,664	0	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	8,053,277	1	5	19,471	24,245,359	217,364,752	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	9,142,906	1	1	161,919	30,113,442	0	596,474	243,590,108

smol runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied	errors
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	68,211	352	476	556	2,046,362	0	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	48,643	453	820	1,310	1,459,330	0	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	41,238	673	1,606	1,891	1,237,188	0	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	40,048	625	773	985	1,201,444	0	0	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	11,387,286	1	1	9,994,239	30,000,000	311,624,114	0	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	10,085,005	1	1	193,023	35,133,613	0	1,688,088	265,734,378	1

key_space=1,000, rate_limit_per_s=1

tokio runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	60,618	388	512	1,144	1,818,772	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	48,719	468	695	1,464	1,461,799	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	41,874	583	920	2,119	30,000	1,226,352	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	27,744	945	1,346	3,999	59,261	0	1,230	771,884
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	7,350,822	1	4	9,854,975	33,323	220,509,608	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	2,343,675	1	668	509,951	219,784	0	6,948	70,762,366

smol runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	66,161	344	788	1,116	1,985,021	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	48,091	422	612	642	1,442,892	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	40,317	614	1,120	1,314	30,000	1,179,592	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	30,151	834	2,983	3,383	61,287	0	1,388	841,965
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	9,643,241	1	1	954	30,460	289,287,347	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	2,809,619	1	620	373,247	251,100	0	7,282	84,036,035

key_space=1,000, rate_limit_per_s=10

tokio runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	53,992	464	636	1,559	1,619,850	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	44,076	545	813	1,583	1,322,349	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	37,450	677	952	1,746	300,000	823,607	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	28,353	941	1,246	2,061	311,600	0	18,935	520,145
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	8,243,810	1	11	34,303	356,529	246,977,824	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	2,590,528	1	662	454,399	1,902,681	0	47,563	75,768,253

smol runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	59,207	411	830	1,040	1,776,360	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	47,497	489	996	1,057	1,425,018	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	38,932	633	1,174	1,247	300,000	868,025	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	30,159	821	2,277	2,415	312,016	0	17,266	575,556
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	9,515,914	1	1	64,767	205,380	285,299,319	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	3,118,709	1	599	384,511	1,660,887	0	33,649	91,873,494

key_space=1,000, rate_limit_per_s=100

tokio runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	53,991	471	679	1,290	1,619,896	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	44,357	544	743	3,253	1,330,776	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	33,770	823	1,303	3,767	1,013,215	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	29,844	899	1,527	2,965	895,378	0	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	8,191,257	1	1	10,279	3,359,642	242,424,453	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	3,145,538	1	639	338,943	13,237,748	0	295,475	81,227,967

smol runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	59,892	398	931	1,196	1,796,855	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	47,584	454	1,499	4,711	1,427,684	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	35,677	798	1,424	2,347	1,070,389	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	32,818	792	1,263	4,057	984,600	0	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	9,521,866	1	1	80,831	3,572,333	282,109,505	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	3,626,560	1	579	377,855	14,795,671	0	118,031	93,892,950

key_space=1,000, rate_limit_per_s=10,000

tokio runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	54,046	471	754	3,579	1,621,469
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	44,142	545	803	2,305	1,324,384
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	34,226	768	1,319	3,121	1,026,845
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	29,605	902	1,312	2,027	888,248
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	9,008,798	1	9	4,411	270,637,483
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	8,487,169	1	2	1,991	254,627,326

smol runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied	errors
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	62,460	359	702	1,032	1,873,949	0	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	48,213	447	776	1,137	1,446,500	0	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	35,585	719	983	1,420	1,067,649	0	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	33,839	781	1,867	1,869	1,015,205	0	0	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	11,530,183	1	1	1,612,799	212,220,227	133,697,111	0	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	9,728,075	1	1	4,997,119	258,062,617	0	27,349,341	6,445,919	2

key_space=1,000, rate_limit_per_s=100,000

tokio runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	53,807	475	747	3,865	1,614,363
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	44,339	539	755	1,204	1,330,254
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	34,103	784	1,454	2,635	1,023,193
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	29,428	920	1,491	2,523	882,934
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	7,358,353	1	6	3,647	220,779,709
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	7,216,898	1	8	1,297	216,521,918

smol runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	71,704	300	672	722	2,151,244
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	49,621	412	530	1,170	1,488,738
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	39,925	575	1,325	1,476	1,197,838
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	34,666	738	1,364	1,426	1,040,039
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	14,560,182	1	1	589	436,829,976
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	13,351,371	1	1	668	400,556,035

key_space=10,000, rate_limit_per_s=1

tokio runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	53,367	472	697	2,705	1,601,356	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	43,677	560	807	3,661	1,310,644	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	36,326	718	1,286	2,631	300,000	790,020	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	29,249	947	1,961	12,455	418,521	0	14,643	444,494
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	6,234,742	1	366	526,335	428,909	186,650,383	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	51,110	2,103	3,063	1,065,983	309,754	0	41,789	1,182,518

smol runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	68,919	297	421	1,666	2,067,964	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	47,609	425	675	10,543	1,428,641	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	40,026	592	1,474	3,589	300,000	901,138	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	31,522	832	2,877	4,191	422,336	0	13,071	510,495
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	5,650,618	1	392	192,383	443,519	169,136,267	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	58,723	2,607	3,769	555,519	299,297	0	66,433	1,410,444

key_space=10,000, rate_limit_per_s=10

tokio runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	53,748	480	1,251	3,209	1,612,799	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	43,898	552	853	2,153	1,317,217	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	33,690	779	1,363	2,841	1,010,942	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	30,091	914	1,791	9,247	902,940	0	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	8,275,750	1	46	251,647	4,127,161	244,238,026	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	213,605	1,057	2,081	539,647	3,734,286	0	91,994	2,649,423

smol runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied	errors
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	69,760	302	531	998	2,093,306	0	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	48,327	414	684	1,145	1,450,165	0	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	37,626	661	991	1,701	1,129,106	0	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	31,374	832	1,622	2,967	941,398	0	0	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	4,817,229	1	589	6,737,919	4,277,692	140,264,903	0	0	5
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	123,785	2,083	2,927	635,391	2,685,018	0	592,420	436,776	0

key_space=10,000, rate_limit_per_s=100

tokio runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	59,491	390	2,209	4,959	1,785,160	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	48,508	476	620	1,150	1,455,706	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	35,655	747	3,203	38,815	1,069,952	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	33,470	778	1,371	3,115	1,004,350	0	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	5,683,238	1	85	52,063	31,297,611	139,243,571	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	1,096,356	1	1,610	492,543	30,084,036	0	2,120,136	693,408

smol runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied	errors
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	54,883	400	2,737	5,103	1,646,800	0	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	44,047	475	1,006	2,053	1,321,642	0	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	34,512	681	876	1,523	1,035,553	0	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	31,754	813	1,273	1,549	952,784	0	0	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	5,619,250	1	485	106,751	30,910,552	137,696,051	0	0	9
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	730,461	1	2,351	600,575	21,225,719	0	667,839	24,103	0

key_space=10,000, rate_limit_per_s=10,000

tokio runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	59,707	394	1,984	4,495	1,791,927
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	48,515	469	651	1,484	1,455,813
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	37,454	663	899	1,402	1,123,948
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	31,533	836	1,794	2,393	946,262
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	10,069,860	1	2	1,291	302,213,556
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	6,293,406	1	11	13,119	188,865,545

smol runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	59,170	407	2,691	4,871	1,775,400
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	44,435	481	1,188	1,451	1,333,307
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	33,689	686	1,010	1,136	1,010,859
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	30,765	867	1,879	2,667	923,129
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	10,270,907	1	1	2,665	308,181,918
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	9,500,654	1	1	2,401	285,069,535

key_space=10,000, rate_limit_per_s=100,000

tokio runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	59,048	402	2,383	3,965	1,772,022
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	48,577	472	637	2,419	1,457,675
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	38,260	654	968	2,069	1,148,188
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	33,729	805	1,354	2,381	1,012,179
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	9,690,774	1	9	11,175	290,829,099
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	9,469,741	1	1	2,695	284,162,478

smol runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	56,624	399	2,695	11,519	1,699,018
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	44,143	471	823	1,303	1,324,531
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	33,799	696	1,260	4,747	1,014,164
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	31,080	803	1,441	2,207	932,572
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	10,865,742	1	1	3,577	326,026,813
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	9,423,345	1	1	3,085	282,749,003

Notes:

All observed errors in these runs are Redis timeouts (RedisError(timed out)) surfaced during Hybrid state reads.
Matrix results above were captured with both the tokio runtime (make stress-redis-uniform-matrix-tokio) and the smol runtime (make stress-redis-uniform-matrix-smol).

Local Benchmark Comparison

Detailed local-provider benchmark tables with a short interpretation layer up front.

Changelog

Release notes for Trypema, ordered newest first.