Benchmark Results

Redis + Hybrid Benchmark Comparison

Redis + Hybrid provider comparisons (stress/load + Criterion) under shared client settings.

Redis + Hybrid backend performance (comparison)

This suite compares the backend cost of three Redis rate limiting approaches under the same client concurrency and runtime.

Environment + machine details for interpreting results: see Benchmarking & Load Testing (Results).

How to run:

make stress-redis-compare

Environment:

Redis: Docker Compose (compose.yaml) on Docker Desktop (server linux/arm64)
Client: 16 threads
Duration: 30s per case

Backends compared:

trypema Redis provider (Lua sliding-window)
trypema Hybrid provider (local fast-path + periodic Redis sync)
redis-cell module (CL.THROTTLE)
GCRA Lua script (equivalent to go-redis/redis_rate allowN)

Caveat: semantics differ (sliding window vs GCRA), so results are backend-cost comparisons, not strict behavioral equivalence.

Hybrid note: the Hybrid provider uses a local fast-path and periodically syncs to Redis, so it is not a pure "Redis round-trip per op" backend. It is included here because it still depends on Redis and is a common deployment choice when you want higher throughput with bounded state lag.

In these results, Hybrid runs use sync_interval_ms = 10ms.

Command captured (for reference):

make stress-redis-compare

Module-based approaches (like redis-cell) tend to be faster because the logic runs as native Redis module code with less Lua interpreter overhead and fewer internal steps than multi-op Lua scripts.

Hot key (rate_limit_per_s=1000)

Workload: --key-dist hot — always uses a single key (user_0).

tokio runtime

Backend	ops/s	p50 (us)	p95 (us)	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	64,369	243	323	367	490	814	30,016	1,901,152	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	52,211	303	391	438	610	816	30,015	1,536,405	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	47,620	332	433	502	703	1,160	30,603	1,398,032	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	41,032	386	521	599	906	1,122	33,115	0	1,306	1,196,617
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	11,360,280	1	1	1	1	45	30,000	340,794,220	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	10,568,476	1	1	1	1	1,214,463	29,984	0	5,007	317,034,410

smol runtime

Backend	ops/s	p50 (us)	p95 (us)	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	83,223	187	227	254	357	556	30,016	2,466,720	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	53,248	312	358	400	487	711	30,015	1,567,457	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	43,490	373	425	472	1,320	1,328	30,000	1,274,729	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	39,975	392	512	563	735	910	33,181	0	2,734	1,163,363
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	10,995,323	1	1	1	1	3,211	30,000	329,834,016	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	10,629,543	1	1	1	1	1,524,735	64,987	0	5,004	318,828,204

Uniform keys (100k keys, rate_limit_per_s=1e9)

Workload: --key-dist uniform --key-space 100000 — random key per op, effectively unlimited rate.

tokio runtime

Backend	ops/s	p50 (us)	p95 (us)	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	58,228	259	339	395	3,791	15,135	1,750,382
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	52,251	302	389	435	614	1,365	1,570,837
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	39,578	396	541	627	963	2,309	1,190,045
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	33,608	448	661	768	3,233	10,535	1,010,251
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	8,628,833	1	1	1	19	27,167	259,464,943
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	9,216,202	1	1	1	13	22,719	277,038,640

smol runtime

Backend	ops/s	p50 (us)	p95 (us)	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	72,646	210	253	283	2,959	4,487	2,184,064
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	52,320	302	361	416	770	16,975	1,572,718
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	38,353	402	535	582	745	2,309	1,152,833
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	31,704	484	633	739	3,189	10,335	953,165
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	4,044,466	1	1	1	9	16,087	121,575,135
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	2,817,062	1	1	1	425	26,623	84,679,989

Notes:

redis-cell and gcra show higher ops/s under smol for both workloads. For pure Redis round-trip backends, smol's cooperative executor reduces context-switch overhead, particularly under hot-key contention.
Trypema's Redis provider throughput is broadly comparable across runtimes (~5–10% variance).
Hybrid ops/s in the uniform case is substantially lower under smol (~4M vs ~9M for absolute). Hybrid's local fast-path relies on many concurrent atomics; tokio's work-stealing scheduler distributes these more evenly, while smol's cooperative executor serialises more of that work.
For pure Redis round-trip backends, runtime choice has a modest effect relative to the order-of-magnitude gap between Redis round-trip and Hybrid local fast-path.

Redis + Hybrid uniform keys (matrix)

These runs come from make stress-redis-uniform-matrix-tokio and make stress-redis-uniform-matrix-smol (stress harness) and vary key_space and rate_limit_per_s while keeping the rest fixed:

--threads 16 --duration-s 30 --window-s 10 --group-ms 10 --mode max --key-dist uniform

Hybrid note: Hybrid runs use sync_interval_ms = 10ms.

The harness prints results in run groups of six (two Redis module/script backends + Redis provider + Hybrid provider). To keep it readable, the matrix is split by (key_space, rate_limit_per_s).

key_space=10, rate_limit_per_s=1

tokio runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	55,822	450	740	1,285	1,674,751	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	50,614	447	605	1,119	1,518,500	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	46,008	505	710	923	300	1,380,002	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	38,184	668	931	4,619	1,196	0	40	1,144,292
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	10,658,472	1	1	9,961,471	300	319,770,837	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	7,860,245	1	2	99,327	396	0	76	235,818,537

smol runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	79,299	271	468	745	2,378,992	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	49,496	432	898	1,447	1,484,922	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	51,730	412	510	889	300	1,551,628	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	41,892	572	759	1,059	1,141	0	40	1,255,584
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	11,025,754	1	1	9,551	300	330,777,133	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	9,716,526	1	1	196,607	512	0	111	291,508,192

key_space=10, rate_limit_per_s=10

tokio runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	61,310	383	539	854	1,839,392	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	49,610	459	680	1,710	1,488,385	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	45,067	523	748	1,031	3,002	1,349,077	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	38,977	640	1,005	1,257	5,553	0	490	1,163,325
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	8,285,258	1	1	9,953,279	3,000	248,567,517	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	7,994,442	1	2	99,135	3,572	0	523	239,841,065

smol runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	77,325	269	508	535	2,319,792	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	48,285	422	634	654	1,448,564	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	46,370	470	587	648	3,000	1,388,120	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	40,937	575	1,024	1,093	5,689	0	490	1,221,966
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	11,024,339	1	1	8,783	3,000	330,731,808	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	9,699,245	1	1	192,127	4,619	0	568	290,981,034

key_space=10, rate_limit_per_s=100

tokio runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	61,369	383	503	898	1,841,170	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	49,433	458	631	2,571	1,483,072	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	44,462	528	713	1,125	30,013	1,303,928	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	37,995	687	1,314	5,543	33,956	0	2,164	1,103,744
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	9,134,903	1	1	10,807	31,467	274,029,615	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	8,697,216	1	1	99,135	34,532	0	5,042	260,889,866

smol runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	70,877	291	371	651	2,126,352	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	48,257	428	581	1,198	1,447,738	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	46,065	470	1,676	3,993	30,000	1,351,970	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	41,831	594	742	840	33,057	0	2,091	1,219,801
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	11,001,527	1	1	10,047	30,000	330,021,664	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	9,589,111	1	1	192,639	42,210	0	5,600	287,629,059

key_space=10, rate_limit_per_s=10,000

tokio runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	61,762	382	477	675	1,852,947	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	49,548	461	686	1,428	1,486,516	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	42,977	568	821	1,768	1,289,375	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	38,816	656	978	1,861	1,164,556	0	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	8,684,796	1	5	13,567	2,443,095	258,115,621	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	7,115,638	1	3	99,711	3,226,990	0	54,298	210,198,331

smol runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	70,534	298	411	864	2,116,062	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	48,466	442	1,401	1,402	1,454,010	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	42,661	557	1,205	1,371	1,279,846	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	42,316	572	1,014	1,272	1,269,517	0	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	11,063,173	1	1	9,247	3,000,000	328,900,198	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	9,741,507	1	1	195,711	4,430,158	0	5,105	287,813,918

key_space=10, rate_limit_per_s=100,000

tokio runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	61,210	378	473	1,023	1,836,389	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	49,664	461	731	1,428	1,489,994	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	42,274	576	715	1,198	1,268,302	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	38,553	649	883	2,069	1,156,664	0	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	8,053,277	1	5	19,471	24,245,359	217,364,752	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	9,142,906	1	1	161,919	30,113,442	0	596,474	243,590,108

smol runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied	errors
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	68,211	352	476	556	2,046,362	0	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	48,643	453	820	1,310	1,459,330	0	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	41,238	673	1,606	1,891	1,237,188	0	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	40,048	625	773	985	1,201,444	0	0	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	11,387,286	1	1	9,994,239	30,000,000	311,624,114	0	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	10,085,005	1	1	193,023	35,133,613	0	1,688,088	265,734,378	1

key_space=1,000, rate_limit_per_s=1

tokio runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	60,618	388	512	1,144	1,818,772	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	48,719	468	695	1,464	1,461,799	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	41,874	583	920	2,119	30,000	1,226,352	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	27,744	945	1,346	3,999	59,261	0	1,230	771,884
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	7,350,822	1	4	9,854,975	33,323	220,509,608	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	2,343,675	1	668	509,951	219,784	0	6,948	70,762,366

smol runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	66,161	344	788	1,116	1,985,021	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	48,091	422	612	642	1,442,892	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	40,317	614	1,120	1,314	30,000	1,179,592	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	30,151	834	2,983	3,383	61,287	0	1,388	841,965
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	9,643,241	1	1	954	30,460	289,287,347	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	2,809,619	1	620	373,247	251,100	0	7,282	84,036,035

key_space=1,000, rate_limit_per_s=10

tokio runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	53,992	464	636	1,559	1,619,850	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	44,076	545	813	1,583	1,322,349	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	37,450	677	952	1,746	300,000	823,607	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	28,353	941	1,246	2,061	311,600	0	18,935	520,145
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	8,243,810	1	11	34,303	356,529	246,977,824	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	2,590,528	1	662	454,399	1,902,681	0	47,563	75,768,253

smol runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	59,207	411	830	1,040	1,776,360	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	47,497	489	996	1,057	1,425,018	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	38,932	633	1,174	1,247	300,000	868,025	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	30,159	821	2,277	2,415	312,016	0	17,266	575,556
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	9,515,914	1	1	64,767	205,380	285,299,319	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	3,118,709	1	599	384,511	1,660,887	0	33,649	91,873,494

key_space=1,000, rate_limit_per_s=100

tokio runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	53,991	471	679	1,290	1,619,896	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	44,357	544	743	3,253	1,330,776	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	33,770	823	1,303	3,767	1,013,215	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	29,844	899	1,527	2,965	895,378	0	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	8,191,257	1	1	10,279	3,359,642	242,424,453	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	3,145,538	1	639	338,943	13,237,748	0	295,475	81,227,967

smol runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	59,892	398	931	1,196	1,796,855	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	47,584	454	1,499	4,711	1,427,684	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	35,677	798	1,424	2,347	1,070,389	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	32,818	792	1,263	4,057	984,600	0	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	9,521,866	1	1	80,831	3,572,333	282,109,505	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	3,626,560	1	579	377,855	14,795,671	0	118,031	93,892,950

key_space=1,000, rate_limit_per_s=10,000

tokio runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	54,046	471	754	3,579	1,621,469
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	44,142	545	803	2,305	1,324,384
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	34,226	768	1,319	3,121	1,026,845
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	29,605	902	1,312	2,027	888,248
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	9,008,798	1	9	4,411	270,637,483
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	8,487,169	1	2	1,991	254,627,326

smol runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied	errors
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	62,460	359	702	1,032	1,873,949	0	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	48,213	447	776	1,137	1,446,500	0	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	35,585	719	983	1,420	1,067,649	0	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	33,839	781	1,867	1,869	1,015,205	0	0	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	11,530,183	1	1	1,612,799	212,220,227	133,697,111	0	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	9,728,075	1	1	4,997,119	258,062,617	0	27,349,341	6,445,919	2

key_space=1,000, rate_limit_per_s=100,000

tokio runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	53,807	475	747	3,865	1,614,363
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	44,339	539	755	1,204	1,330,254
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	34,103	784	1,454	2,635	1,023,193
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	29,428	920	1,491	2,523	882,934
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	7,358,353	1	6	3,647	220,779,709
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	7,216,898	1	8	1,297	216,521,918

smol runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	71,704	300	672	722	2,151,244
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	49,621	412	530	1,170	1,488,738
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	39,925	575	1,325	1,476	1,197,838
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	34,666	738	1,364	1,426	1,040,039
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	14,560,182	1	1	589	436,829,976
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	13,351,371	1	1	668	400,556,035

key_space=10,000, rate_limit_per_s=1

tokio runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	53,367	472	697	2,705	1,601,356	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	43,677	560	807	3,661	1,310,644	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	36,326	718	1,286	2,631	300,000	790,020	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	29,249	947	1,961	12,455	418,521	0	14,643	444,494
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	6,234,742	1	366	526,335	428,909	186,650,383	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	51,110	2,103	3,063	1,065,983	309,754	0	41,789	1,182,518

smol runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	68,919	297	421	1,666	2,067,964	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	47,609	425	675	10,543	1,428,641	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	40,026	592	1,474	3,589	300,000	901,138	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	31,522	832	2,877	4,191	422,336	0	13,071	510,495
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	5,650,618	1	392	192,383	443,519	169,136,267	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	58,723	2,607	3,769	555,519	299,297	0	66,433	1,410,444

key_space=10,000, rate_limit_per_s=10

tokio runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	53,748	480	1,251	3,209	1,612,799	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	43,898	552	853	2,153	1,317,217	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	33,690	779	1,363	2,841	1,010,942	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	30,091	914	1,791	9,247	902,940	0	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	8,275,750	1	46	251,647	4,127,161	244,238,026	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	213,605	1,057	2,081	539,647	3,734,286	0	91,994	2,649,423

smol runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied	errors
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	69,760	302	531	998	2,093,306	0	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	48,327	414	684	1,145	1,450,165	0	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	37,626	661	991	1,701	1,129,106	0	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	31,374	832	1,622	2,967	941,398	0	0	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	4,817,229	1	589	6,737,919	4,277,692	140,264,903	0	0	5
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	123,785	2,083	2,927	635,391	2,685,018	0	592,420	436,776	0

key_space=10,000, rate_limit_per_s=100

tokio runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	59,491	390	2,209	4,959	1,785,160	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	48,508	476	620	1,150	1,455,706	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	35,655	747	3,203	38,815	1,069,952	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	33,470	778	1,371	3,115	1,004,350	0	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	5,683,238	1	85	52,063	31,297,611	139,243,571	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	1,096,356	1	1,610	492,543	30,084,036	0	2,120,136	693,408

smol runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed	rejected	suppressed_allowed	suppressed_denied	errors
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	54,883	400	2,737	5,103	1,646,800	0	0	0	0
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	44,047	475	1,006	2,053	1,321,642	0	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	34,512	681	876	1,523	1,035,553	0	0	0	0
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	31,754	813	1,273	1,549	952,784	0	0	0	0
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	5,619,250	1	485	106,751	30,910,552	137,696,051	0	0	9
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	730,461	1	2,351	600,575	21,225,719	0	667,839	24,103	0

key_space=10,000, rate_limit_per_s=10,000

tokio runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	59,707	394	1,984	4,495	1,791,927
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	48,515	469	651	1,484	1,455,813
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	37,454	663	899	1,402	1,123,948
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	31,533	836	1,794	2,393	946,262
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	10,069,860	1	2	1,291	302,213,556
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	6,293,406	1	11	13,119	188,865,545

smol runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	59,170	407	2,691	4,871	1,775,400
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	44,435	481	1,188	1,451	1,333,307
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	33,689	686	1,010	1,136	1,010,859
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	30,765	867	1,879	2,667	923,129
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	10,270,907	1	1	2,665	308,181,918
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	9,500,654	1	1	2,401	285,069,535

key_space=10,000, rate_limit_per_s=100,000

tokio runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	59,048	402	2,383	3,965	1,772,022
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	48,577	472	637	2,419	1,457,675
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	38,260	654	968	2,069	1,148,188
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	33,729	805	1,354	2,381	1,012,179
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	9,690,774	1	9	11,175	290,829,099
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	9,469,741	1	1	2,695	284,162,478

smol runtime

Backend	ops/s	p99 (us)	p99.9 (us)	max (us)	allowed
`redis-cell` (`CL.THROTTLE`)	56,624	399	2,695	11,519	1,699,018
`gcra` (Lua allowN-style)	44,143	471	823	1,303	1,324,531
`trypema` (Redis + Absolute)	33,799	696	1,260	4,747	1,014,164
`trypema` (Redis + Suppressed)	31,080	803	1,441	2,207	932,572
`trypema` (Hybrid + Absolute)	10,865,742	1	1	3,577	326,026,813
`trypema` (Hybrid + Suppressed)	9,423,345	1	1	3,085	282,749,003

Notes:

All observed errors in these runs are Redis timeouts (RedisError(timed out)) surfaced during Hybrid state reads.
Matrix results above were captured with both the tokio runtime (make stress-redis-uniform-matrix-tokio) and the smol runtime (make stress-redis-uniform-matrix-smol).

Local Benchmark Comparison

Local provider comparisons (stress/load + Criterion) on one host.

Changelog

Release history for the Trypema rate limiting library.