Benchmark Results
Local Benchmark Comparison
Detailed local-provider benchmark tables with a short interpretation layer up front.
What this page shows
This page keeps the detailed local benchmark tables, but the high-level story is simple:
- local Trypema is built for very high in-process throughput
- hot-key enforcement is still fast, but broad-key workloads show the full upside of local state
- absolute and suppressed both stay in the same performance tier, with the exact winner depending on workload shape
Use this page when you want the exact tables, not just the takeaway.
Result tables
Hot key (enforced limit)
Workload:
--key-dist hot --rate-limit-per-s 1000--key-dist hot: always uses a single key (user_0);key_spaceis ignored (effectively 1 key).
| Backend | ops/s | p50 (us) | p95 (us) | p99 (us) | p99.9 (us) | max (us) | allowed | rejected | suppressed_allowed | suppressed_denied | errors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
burster (SlidingWindowLog, absolute) | 387,819 | 8 | 204 | 442 | 925 | 6,983 | 30,000 | 11,606,906 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
governor (GCRA, absolute) | 3,883,509 | 1 | 5 | 25 | 120 | 15,687 | 40,000 | 116,484,081 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
trypema (local + absolute) | 3,488,403 | 1 | 5 | 33 | 132 | 19,151 | 30,014 | 104,631,741 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
trypema (local + suppressed) | 3,650,574 | 1 | 3 | 9 | 74 | 89,279 | 30,765 | 0 | 5,003 | 109,485,649 | 0 |
Uniform keys (100k keys, effectively unlimited)
Workload:
--key-dist uniform --key-space 100000 --rate-limit-per-s 1000000000--key-dist uniform: picks a key uniformly at random fromkey_spacekeys (user_0..user_{key_space-1}).
| Backend | ops/s | p50 (us) | p95 (us) | p99 (us) | p99.9 (us) | max (us) | allowed | rejected | suppressed_allowed | suppressed_denied | errors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
burster (SlidingWindowLog, absolute) | 66,825 | 65 | 923 | 1,527 | 4,607 | 96,255 | 2,009,681 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
governor (GCRA, absolute) | 6,280,022 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 13,295 | 188,583,923 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
trypema (local + absolute) | 9,641,276 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 215 | 10,023 | 289,569,227 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
trypema (local + suppressed) | 7,609,677 | 1 | 2 | 42 | 137 | 6,287 | 228,537,450 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
For more comprehensive uniform key results across varying key spaces and rate limits, see Local uniform keys (matrix) below.
More detailed stress results
The remaining tables are copied from stress-harness runs. Units:
- Throughput:
ops_per_s(ops/sec) - Latency:
lat_usin microseconds (sampled everysample_every=100ops)
key_dist controls whether the workload concentrates on one key or spreads across many.
| Target | Backend | Mode | Threads | Duration (s) | Key dist | Key space | Offered load | ops/s | p50 (us) | p95 (us) | p99 (us) | p99.9 (us) | max (us) | allowed | rejected | suppressed_denied | errors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
make stress-local-hot | trypema (local + absolute) | max | 16 | 30 | hot | 100000 | max | 3,581,224 | 1 | 5 | 30 | 107 | 24,239 | 30,014 | 107,419,455 | 0 | 0 |
make stress-local-uniform | trypema (local + absolute) | max | 16 | 60 | uniform | 100000 | max | 8,354,304 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 145 | 1,470 | 501,590,138 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
make stress-local-burst | trypema (local + suppressed) | target-qps | 16 | 120 | skewed | 100000 | target=20k, burst=200k | 683,740 | 1 | 6 | 23 | 484 | 9,031 | 16,625,173 | 0 | 65,450,386 | 0 |
Local uniform keys (matrix)
These runs come from make stress-local-uniform-matrix (stress harness) and vary key_space and rate_limit_per_s while keeping the rest fixed:
--threads 16 --duration-s 30 --window-s 10 --group-ms 10 --mode max --key-dist uniform
The harness prints results in run groups of four (one per limiter variant). To keep it readable, the matrix is split by (key_space, rate_limit_per_s).
key_space=10, rate_limit_per_s=1
| Limiter | ops/s | p99 (us) | p99.9 (us) | max (us) | allowed | rejected | suppressed_allowed | suppressed_denied | errors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
burster (absolute) | 1,462,821 | 101 | 197 | 2,057 | 300 | 43,891,804 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
governor (absolute) | 11,539,282 | 1 | 1 | 22,671 | 400 | 346,240,036 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
trypema (local + absolute) | 11,444,162 | 1 | 1 | 19,039 | 309 | 343,337,760 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
trypema (local + suppressed) | 9,693,284 | 1 | 3 | 26,671 | 1,020 | 0 | 44 | 290,851,987 | 0 |
key_space=10, rate_limit_per_s=10
| Limiter | ops/s | p99 (us) | p99.9 (us) | max (us) | allowed | rejected | suppressed_allowed | suppressed_denied | errors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
burster (absolute) | 1,489,697 | 102 | 220 | 12,311 | 3,000 | 44,699,153 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
governor (absolute) | 11,565,990 | 1 | 1 | 17,007 | 4,000 | 347,044,913 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
trypema (local + absolute) | 11,509,856 | 1 | 1 | 16,175 | 3,004 | 345,350,593 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
trypema (local + suppressed) | 8,850,885 | 1 | 9 | 27,023 | 3,952 | 0 | 495 | 265,534,712 | 0 |
key_space=10, rate_limit_per_s=100
| Limiter | ops/s | p99 (us) | p99.9 (us) | max (us) | allowed | rejected | suppressed_allowed | suppressed_denied | errors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
burster (absolute) | 1,491,944 | 100 | 207 | 1,729 | 30,000 | 44,743,976 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
governor (absolute) | 11,404,419 | 1 | 1 | 23,519 | 40,000 | 342,157,543 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
trypema (local + absolute) | 11,387,056 | 1 | 2 | 20,127 | 30,011 | 341,646,817 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
trypema (local + suppressed) | 8,996,526 | 1 | 8 | 24,687 | 38,953 | 0 | 4,996 | 269,873,751 | 0 |
key_space=10, rate_limit_per_s=10,000
| Limiter | ops/s | p99 (us) | p99.9 (us) | max (us) | allowed | rejected | suppressed_allowed | suppressed_denied | errors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
burster (absolute) | 1,478,059 | 101 | 214 | 2,897 | 3,000,000 | 41,352,200 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
governor (absolute) | 11,374,129 | 1 | 1 | 15,287 | 4,000,010 | 337,289,423 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
trypema (local + absolute) | 11,496,426 | 1 | 1 | 30,079 | 3,000,012 | 341,955,743 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
trypema (local + suppressed) | 8,639,026 | 1 | 10 | 22,863 | 3,000,893 | 0 | 87,211 | 256,119,575 | 0 |
key_space=10, rate_limit_per_s=100,000
| Limiter | ops/s | p99 (us) | p99.9 (us) | max (us) | allowed | rejected | suppressed_allowed | suppressed_denied | errors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
burster (absolute) | 1,461,870 | 100 | 192 | 981 | 30,000,000 | 13,867,219 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
governor (absolute) | 11,230,705 | 1 | 1 | 23,071 | 40,000,075 | 296,935,126 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
trypema (local + absolute) | 11,122,116 | 1 | 3 | 23,359 | 30,000,013 | 303,687,477 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
trypema (local + suppressed) | 8,639,499 | 1 | 10 | 35,295 | 30,000,793 | 0 | 547,347 | 228,677,471 | 0 |
key_space=1,000, rate_limit_per_s=1
| Limiter | ops/s | p99 (us) | p99.9 (us) | max (us) | allowed | rejected | suppressed_allowed | suppressed_denied | errors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
burster (absolute) | 1,469,712 | 73 | 1,199 | 14,583 | 30,007 | 44,074,915 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
governor (absolute) | 6,261,221 | 1 | 1 | 20,463 | 39,220 | 187,830,595 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
trypema (local + absolute) | 6,510,131 | 1 | 1 | 13,591 | 30,007 | 195,310,397 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
trypema (local + suppressed) | 6,254,484 | 1 | 52 | 16,863 | 34,583 | 0 | 3,999 | 187,616,542 | 0 |
key_space=1,000, rate_limit_per_s=10
| Limiter | ops/s | p99 (us) | p99.9 (us) | max (us) | allowed | rejected | suppressed_allowed | suppressed_denied | errors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
burster (absolute) | 1,480,674 | 71 | 1,133 | 19,935 | 300,008 | 44,132,533 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
governor (absolute) | 11,380,136 | 1 | 1 | 21,519 | 399,199 | 341,077,110 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
trypema (local + absolute) | 11,923,162 | 1 | 1 | 20,719 | 300,013 | 357,471,864 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
trypema (local + suppressed) | 9,637,790 | 1 | 26 | 11,999 | 319,895 | 0 | 49,000 | 288,779,483 | 0 |
key_space=1,000, rate_limit_per_s=100
| Limiter | ops/s | p99 (us) | p99.9 (us) | max (us) | allowed | rejected | suppressed_allowed | suppressed_denied | errors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
burster (absolute) | 1,456,029 | 81 | 1,159 | 16,639 | 3,000,008 | 40,695,894 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
governor (absolute) | 6,259,911 | 1 | 1 | 14,311 | 3,999,244 | 183,826,239 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
trypema (local + absolute) | 11,931,078 | 1 | 1 | 24,895 | 3,000,019 | 355,000,796 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
trypema (local + suppressed) | 6,269,134 | 1 | 69 | 11,095 | 2,999,759 | 0 | 62,035 | 185,026,236 | 0 |
key_space=1,000, rate_limit_per_s=10,000
| Limiter | ops/s | p99 (us) | p99.9 (us) | max (us) | allowed | rejected | suppressed_allowed | suppressed_denied | errors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
burster (absolute) | 1,520,512 | 71 | 1,066 | 16,343 | 45,631,249 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
governor (absolute) | 6,258,429 | 1 | 1 | 10,087 | 187,771,834 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
trypema (local + absolute) | 11,175,804 | 1 | 1 | 11,743 | 300,000,018 | 35,324,813 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
trypema (local + suppressed) | 10,165,153 | 1 | 13 | 15,063 | 213,629,662 | 0 | 89,715,697 | 1,671,019 | 0 |
key_space=1,000, rate_limit_per_s=100,000
| Limiter | ops/s | p99 (us) | p99.9 (us) | max (us) | allowed | rejected | suppressed_allowed | suppressed_denied | errors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
burster (absolute) | 1,436,225 | 73 | 1,167 | 31,679 | 43,094,650 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
governor (absolute) | 6,306,821 | 1 | 1 | 19,023 | 189,232,299 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
trypema (local + absolute) | 6,411,487 | 1 | 6 | 21,119 | 192,376,662 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
trypema (local + suppressed) | 10,078,774 | 1 | 13 | 14,207 | 302,399,696 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
key_space=10,000, rate_limit_per_s=1
| Limiter | ops/s | p99 (us) | p99.9 (us) | max (us) | allowed | rejected | suppressed_allowed | suppressed_denied | errors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
burster (absolute) | 1,000,018 | 34 | 2,109 | 19,903 | 300,020 | 29,714,952 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
governor (absolute) | 11,508,773 | 1 | 1 | 34,879 | 390,007 | 344,961,238 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
trypema (local + absolute) | 11,832,581 | 1 | 1 | 21,375 | 300,020 | 354,794,617 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
trypema (local + suppressed) | 8,984,415 | 2 | 224 | 8,295 | 277,835 | 0 | 39,903 | 269,296,789 | 0 |
key_space=10,000, rate_limit_per_s=10
| Limiter | ops/s | p99 (us) | p99.9 (us) | max (us) | allowed | rejected | suppressed_allowed | suppressed_denied | errors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
burster (absolute) | 992,127 | 36 | 2,107 | 23,327 | 3,000,019 | 26,775,548 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
governor (absolute) | 6,362,268 | 1 | 1 | 24,191 | 3,990,008 | 186,927,711 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
trypema (local + absolute) | 6,509,860 | 1 | 1 | 26,191 | 3,000,026 | 192,360,589 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
trypema (local + suppressed) | 8,689,741 | 2 | 206 | 3,505 | 2,973,493 | 0 | 83,118 | 257,693,351 | 0 |
key_space=10,000, rate_limit_per_s=100
| Limiter | ops/s | p99 (us) | p99.9 (us) | max (us) | allowed | rejected | suppressed_allowed | suppressed_denied | errors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
burster (absolute) | 997,518 | 33 | 1,902 | 17,295 | 28,348,447 | 1,588,838 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
governor (absolute) | 11,452,847 | 1 | 1 | 30,175 | 39,989,991 | 303,689,537 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
trypema (local + absolute) | 11,784,103 | 1 | 1 | 23,839 | 30,000,028 | 323,564,650 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
trypema (local + suppressed) | 8,786,166 | 2 | 258 | 8,375 | 29,970,036 | 0 | 563,427 | 233,103,367 | 0 |
key_space=10,000, rate_limit_per_s=10,000
| Limiter | ops/s | p99 (us) | p99.9 (us) | max (us) | allowed | rejected | suppressed_allowed | suppressed_denied | errors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
burster (absolute) | 1,053,736 | 23 | 2,044 | 36,191 | 31,621,672 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
governor (absolute) | 11,319,092 | 1 | 1 | 10,527 | 339,629,109 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
trypema (local + absolute) | 11,152,981 | 1 | 12 | 8,391 | 334,715,739 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
trypema (local + suppressed) | 9,949,948 | 1 | 206 | 9,703 | 298,589,748 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
key_space=10,000, rate_limit_per_s=100,000
| Limiter | ops/s | p99 (us) | p99.9 (us) | max (us) | allowed | rejected | suppressed_allowed | suppressed_denied | errors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
burster (absolute) | 997,546 | 36 | 2,369 | 22,351 | 29,935,825 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
governor (absolute) | 11,123,170 | 1 | 1 | 23,775 | 333,740,832 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
trypema (local + absolute) | 10,987,323 | 1 | 17 | 9,591 | 329,685,281 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
trypema (local + suppressed) | 9,600,009 | 1 | 217 | 6,875 | 288,083,537 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |